Issue Overview

The purpose of this section is to provide information and boilerplate language that will help to provide a basic understanding of the issue by factually describing the issue, its scope, and dimensions.

Base and precious metal resources are any naturally occurring metallic mineral substances of economic value. Base and precious metal resources include beryllium, copper, gold, lead, magnesium, platinum, silver, zinc, and many others. Base and precious metal production, with an estimated value of $784 million, was the largest contributor to the value of Utah minerals produced in 2002. Base metals contributed $612 million of that total; in descending order of value produced, those metals were copper, magnesium metal, molybdenum, and beryllium. Precious-metal production, valued at $172 million, came primarily from gold (91 percent of total value) and minor silver (9 percent of total value). Kennecott Utah Copper Corporation's Bingham Canyon mine is located about 32 km (20 mi.) southwest of Salt Lake City in Salt Lake County and is the state's sole producer of copper and molybdenum, and the major producer of gold and silver. The combined value of minerals produced from the Bingham Canyon mine is more than one-third of the total value of all minerals produced statewide.

Mineral mining provides a number of high-paying jobs for Utah , and although not a growing industry, primary metals are the largest, dollar-value export industry in the state.

Until new industries can be added, maintaining a vital base and precious metals industry in Utah is important to maintaining the present quality of life in the state. Base and precious metals are also vital raw materials for many industrial and defense uses. The need for local base and precious metal supplies, and the associated development disturbances, must be balanced against increasing demands for lands to be set aside for the protection of other resource values such as wildlife, open space, and watersheds.

Options & Trade-Offs

• Who owns the mineral resources? Private? Federal? State? County?
• Does the county receive funding from the sale and development of the resources? Taxes? Royalties? Fees? How much?
• How much employment is provided through the development of the resource? Spin-off employment?
• Will the development of the resource increase the population of the county?
• How will the development of the resource affect the infrastructure of the county? Roads? Water resources? Utilities? Pollution? Noise? Zoning?
• Will there be cumulative impacts? Other industries brought in or forced out?
• How long will this resource last?

Potential for Conflict

Certainly there are different perspectives on metal resource management. There are those on one end of the spectrum that want no development at all. These people would prefer to leave the land and its resources untouched. On the other end of the spectrum are those who are only interested in recovering the mineral resource without regard for the land or environment ("Rape and pillage" the land).

Somewhere in the middle are those who promote responsible development with regard to the environment and restoration of the land to a useable condition.

Basically the argument boils down to land use. Do we want wilderness or suburbia? Do we want agriculture or housing? Do we want mining or undeveloped land?

Range of Alternatives

Most counties have planning and zoning boards that can determine what uses can be developed on the land. Mining laws now require that mines get reclaimed once they have been completed. The types of land uses that are acceptable or allowed must be considered during reclamation.

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Existing Condition

The purpose of this section is to provide information and boilerplate language that will help to describe the existing condition.

Copper is the largest contributor to the value of base and precious metals in Utah . The price of copper has varied considerably and can have a dramatic effect on the value of base and precious metal production; in 2002 the price of copper averaged $0.76 per pound. Utah 's copper production comes solely from Kennecott's Bingham Canyon mine, which produced approximately 290,000 short tons of ore in 2002. Kennecott announced that economic open-pit reserves will be exhausted in the next 10 to 12 years, and that no decision has been made concerning extension of a portion of the mine underground, although a rigorous economic evaluation is being conducted. Kennecott's Bingham Canyon mine produces more than 10 percent of the annual refined copper requirements in the U.S. Constellation Copper Company is constructing of a new copper mine in the Lisbon Valley of San Juan County with the start of full-scale production scheduled for mid-2005.

Magnesium metal was the second-largest contributor to the value of Utah 's base and precious metals in 2002. U.S. Magnesium LLC produces magnesium metal from Great Salt Lake brines at its electrolytic plant at Rowley in Tooele County . The plant's annual capacity is 47,000 short tons of magnesium metal (99.9 percent purity). It is the only active primary magnesium processing facility in the U.S. Magnesium production was less than capacity in 2002, due to depressed magnesium prices and ongoing modernization of the processing plant. U.S. Magnesium plans to complete the modernization work in 2003, and will evaluate the possibility of expanding operations as the market improves. Magnesium metal prices in 2002 were at a 10-year low.

The sole molybdenum producer in Utah is Kennecott's Bingham Canyon mine, which produced slightly more than 11,000 short tons of by-product molybdenum concentrate (MoS 2 ) in 2002. The Bingham Canyon mine was one of six molybdenum-producing mines in the U.S. in 2002. The USGS reports that U.S. mine output of molybdenum has decreased over the past two years.

Utah continues to be the nation's sole producer of beryllium concentrates. Beryllium ore is mined at Brush Resource's Topaz and Hogs Back mines in Juab County . In 2002, about 15,000 short tons of ore was mined and trucked to the processing plant. Mine production was substantially less than previous years due to reduced demand, increased processing of stockpiled ore, and the use of imported beryl. The use of beryllium in electronic and electrical components, and aerospace and defense applications accounted for an estimated 80 percent of total consumption in 2002. Although the demand for beryllium alloys and beryllium oxide has increased modestly over the past several years, the current economic downturn and increased imports of beryl and finished beryllium alloy has reduced the demand for beryllium ore.

Gold production in 2002 was estimated at nearly 500,000 Troy ounces. Gold is produced from two surface mines owned by Kennecott Corporation: one primary producer ( Barneys Canyon mine) and one by-product operation ( Bingham Canyon mine), both located in Salt Lake County . Gold is also produced by one small underground mine (Trixie) operated by Chief Gold Mines. The Trixie mine is near the town of Eureka in Utah County . Several other small mines in the state are known to produce minor amounts of gold and silver, but metal-specific production is not reported, and not included in the above totals. The Barneys Canyon mine exhausted its economic ore reserves in late 2001 and ceased mining, but will continue to produce gold from its heap-leach pads at a much reduced rate until sometime in 2004, when the gold in those pads will be depleted.

Silver production was estimated to be approximately 3.7 million Troy ounces in 2002. Silver is produced as a by-product metal from the Bingham Canyon mine, and from polymetallic ore from the Trixie mine. Development work at the Trixie mine was suspended in March 2002 due to unstable mining conditions and no announcement has been made about resumption of mining activity.

Possible new gold or polymetallic operations are being explored for in the Bromide Basin area of Garfield County, the Deer Trail mine area of Piute County, near the Bingham Canyon mine in Salt Lake County, the Gold Hill-Clifton district of Tooele County, the Tintic district of Tooele-Utah counties, and the American Fork district of Utah County.

It is uncertain at this time if any of these prospects will prove to be economic.

The base and precious metal deposits in all of Utah 's counties are not the same quality, but vary in terms of grade, mineralogy, and tonnage. Further, some of the base and precious metal resources in Utah are also restricted from development because of land-use decisions where lands have been set aside for urban growth, wildlife considerations, water resource protection, wilderness and roadless areas, and national monuments to name some of the land-use restrictions.

Information on base and precious metal reserves on a county-by-county basis is not publicly available, but those counties that have had the greatest historical production are likely to have the greatest remaining reserves as well.

The federal, state, and local governments all have laws and rules regarding the exploration and development of base and precious metal resources in Utah . Most of these regulations and rules concern protection of other resource values and returning the land after industrial mineral extraction to the approximate original pre-extraction conditions. State and federal laws do not pertain to county-owned or private lands.

Data Review

Information on base and precious metal resources of Utah can be found on these Internet sites:
http://www.ut.blm.gov/wh3minerals.html
http://geology.utah.gov/utahgeo/rockmineral/index.htm
http://www.msha.gov/drs/drshome.htm

Databases:
The Utah Geological Survey maintains various databases on base and precious metal resources of Utah . These include the Utah Mineral Occurrence System (UMOS) database on mineral deposits throughout the state, which was developed in cooperation with the U.S Bureau of Land Management and U.S. Geological Survey. The Utah Geological Survey also maintains a Core Research Center with a collection of mineral exploration well samples from various areas throughout the state. Contact the UGS for more information about these databases.

Available Publications, Maps, and Other Information:
The Utah Geological Survey (UGS) is the lead agency in Utah state government regarding base and precious metals resource information. The UGS has produced various publications on the base and precious metal resource of Utah . These include reports and maps show where economically attractive base and precious metal deposits occur. These products are typically used as a first step to performing more detailed field evaluations of areas likely to contain base and precious metal resources. As needed, the UGS could produce, at a countywide scale, digital GIS maps of base and precious metal resource potential. Additional information on base and precious metal resources may be obtained from the UGS base and precious metal personnel listed in the “Resources to Assist” section. Also listed in that section are specific Utah Geological Survey and other publications on base and precious metal resources in Utah.

It should be noted that the U.S. Geological Survey has also conducted numerous investigations over the years on the industrial mineral resources in Utah . Reports resulting from those investigations are not compiled here, but more information can be found at the U.S. Geological Survey internet site listed below. (click here for more)

The Division of Oil, Gas and Mining (OGM) is the lead agency that regulates the exploration for and development of mineral resources in Utah . Prior to mining in the State of Utah a permit must be obtained through the Division. When exploration and developmental activities are completed, the Division ensures that mining sites are satisfactorily reclaimed.

Items to Consider
In describing the Existing Condition, the author should address:

• The nature of specific industrial mineral resources, their age, thickness, quality, and lateral continuity, to assess economic value
• The location of roads, railroads, and other important infrastructure
• The current state of industrial mineral development and markets in the region
• Environmental or other land-use factors that may preclude industrial mineral development.
• Cultural, paleontological, or historic resource values
• Water quality, supply values
• Floodplain/unstable geology concerns
• Threatened or endangered plant/animal species
• Renewable resource/ unique agricultural values
• Recreational resource values
• Socio-Economic values
• Conformance with Federal, State, regional, and or local land use plans and policies

Boilerplate Language

Counties should contact the Division for assistance in this area.

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Desired Future Condition

The purpose of this section is to provide information and boilerplate language that will help to describe the improvements and changes that need to be made to the existing condition in order to achieve the desired future condition. It also provides the basis for the development of policy statements that support the desired future condition.

In describing the Desired Future Condition, the author should address:

• The desire to allow or preclude access (road closure, road building) to important base and precious metal deposits in the county.
• The desire to allow or preclude new or continued development of base and precious metal resources in the area.
• The conflicts that may exist between base and precious metal extraction and other uses of the land.

Range of Alternatives

There are basically two alternatives to consider. Minerals are considered nonrenewable resources. Once they are used they are no longer available. (Irretrievable) When dealing with a mineral resource the choice is usually do we use it or not. Once the decision has been made to develop the resource there are numerous considerations and alternatives associated with that decision. (See Items to consider above.) Other considerations include: Short term uses versus long term productivity, Multiple-land use, other affected resources, cumulative impacts.

Boilerplate Language

Counties should contact the Division for assistance in this area.

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Policy and Position Statements

The purpose of this section is to provide boilerplate policy statement language that will support the desired future conditions. A range of possible conditions is provided here.

The mission of the Minerals Regulatory Program (OGM) is to regulate exploration for, and development and reclamation of, non-coal mineral resources of the state in conformance with the Utah Mined Land Reclamation Act, UCA 40-8 in a manner which:

• supports the existence of a viable minerals mining industry to preserve the economic and physical well-being of the state and the nation;
• safeguards the environment while protecting public health and safety, and
• achieves the successful reclamation of lands affected by mineral mining activities

Boilerplate Language

Recognizing that Utah contains a wealth of base and precious metal resources, the current State (Utah Geological Survey code) position is one of promoting the prudent and sustainable development of critical base and precious metal resources to provide low-cost metal products for industrial needs in Utah, and preserving adequate access to explore and develop those base and precious metal resources.

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Goals, Objectives, and/or Action Items

The purpose of this section is to provide boilerplate examples of the types of improvements or changes that typically would be needed to reach the desired future condition. “Goal” is the desired condition. “Objectives” are improvements or changes that need to be made to reach the goal. “Action Items” are specific actions that can be taken in order to achieve the objective.

Goal: Maintain a viable mining industry

Objective: Ensure that proper mining techniques are used and appropriate permits are obtained.

Objective: Federal, State and Local agencies will participate in planning and permitting processes so that the mining industry can secure the necessary approvals.

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Monitoring Methods and Mechanisms

The purpose of this section is to provide suggested techniques and methods for monitoring progress towards the desired condition.

Counties should contact the Division for assistance in this area.

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Sources and Resources to Assist

This section is intended to be a reference guide to help locate any sources of assistance.

STATE:

Utah Geological Survey
Base & Precious Metals
1594 W. North Temple, Suite 3110
P.O. Box 146100
Salt Lake City , UT 84114-6100
Phone: (801) 537-3300
Bryce Tripp (801) 537-3317
Robert Gloyn (801) 537-3308
Fax: (801) 537-3400

Utah School & Institutional Trust Lands Administration
675 East 500 South, Suite 500
Salt Lake City , UT 84102
Phone: (801) 538-5100
Fax: (801) 355-0922
Internet: http://www.utahtrustlands.com/contact_us/

Division of Oil, Gas and Mining
1594 W. North Temple, Suite 1210
P.O. Box 145801
Salt Lake City , UT 84114-5801
Phone: (801) 538-5340
Fax: (801) 359-3940
Internet: http://www.ogm.utah.gov

FEDERAL:

U.S. Bureau of Land Management
Utah State Office
P.O. Box 45155
Salt Lake City, Utah 84145-0155
Phone: (801) 539-4001
Fax:     (801) 539-4013
Internet: http://blm.ut.gov
Note: BLM Field Offices throughout Utah may have additional information

U.S. Geological Survey
Minerals Information
984 National Center
Reston , VA 20192
Arnold Tanner
Phone: 703-648-4758
Fax: 703-648-4995
Email: atanner@usgs.gov
Internet: http://minerals.usgs.gov/minerals/pubs/state/ut.html

OTHER ORGANIZATIONS:

Utah Mining Association
136 S. Main Street, #709
Salt Lake City , UT 84101
Phone: (801) 364-1874
Fax: (801) 364-2640
Internet: http://www.utahmining.org

Specific Utah Geological Survey, Utah Geological Association, and Utah Geological Society publications on base and precious metal resources in Utah are:

Utah Geological Survey:

Bulletins

Pruitt, R.G., Jr., 1961, The mineral resources of Uintah County : Utah Geological and Mineralogical Survey Bulletin 71, 101 p.

Pratt, A.R., and Callaghan, E., 1970, Land and mineral resources of Sanpete County : Utah Geological and Mineralogical Survey Bulletin 85, 69 p., 2 pl.

Bullock, K.C., 1970, Iron deposits of Utah : Utah Geological and Mineralogical Survey Bulletin 88, 101 p., 1 pl., 1”=2/3 mile.

Thompson, K.C., 1973, Mineral Deposits of the Deep Creek Mountains , Tooele and Juab Counties , Utah : Utah Geological and Mineralogical Survey Bulletin 99, 76 p.

Doelling, H.H., 1975, Geology and mineral resources of Garfield County : Utah Geological and Mineral Survey Bulletin 107, 175 p., 1 pl., 1:250,000.

James, L.P., 1979, Geology, ore deposits and history of the Big Cottonwood mining district, Salt Lake County , Utah : Utah Geological and Mineral Survey Bulletin 114, 98 p., 4 pl.

Doelling, H.H., 1980, Geology and mineral resources of Box Elder County: Utah Geological and Mineral Survey Bulletin 115, 251 p., 3 pl., 1:125,000

Doelling, H.H., and Davis, F.D., 1989, The geology of Kane County, Utah; geology, mineral resources, geologic hazards, by with sections on petroleum and carbon dioxide by C.J. Brandt, Utah Geological and Mineral Survey Bulleting 124, 192 p., 10 pl., 1:100,000.

Shubat, M.A., and McIntosh, W.S., 1988, Geology and mineral potential of the Antelope Range mining district, Iron County , Utah : Utah Geological and Mineral Survey Bulletin 125, 26 p., 2 pl.

Sprinkel, D.A., 1999, Digital geologic Resources Atlas of Utah: Utah Geological Survey Bulletin 129-DF, 1 CD-ROM.

Gloyn, R.W., Tabet, D.E., Tripp, B.T., Bishop, C.E., Morgan, C.D., Gwynn, J.W., and Blackett, R.E., 2003, Energy, mineral, and ground-water resources of Carbon and Emery Counties, Utah: Utah Geological Survey Bulletin 132, 162 p., 14 pl.

Special Studies

Whelan, J.A., 1969, Subsurface brines and soluble salts of subsurface sediments, Sevier Lake , Millard County , Utah : Utah Geological and Mineralogical Survey Special Studies 30, 13 p.

Sayre, R.L., 1974, Geology and mineralization of the Church Hills, Millard County , Utah : Utah Geological and Mineralogical Survey Special Studies 47, 22 p., 1 pl.

Whelan, J.A., 1982, Geology, ore deposits and mineralogy of the Rocky Range , near Milford , Beaver County , Utah : Utah Geological and Mineral Survey Special Studies 57, 35 p.

Gloyn, R.W., Morgan, C.D., Tabet, D.E., Blackett, R.E., Tripp, B.T., and Lowe, M., Mineral, energy, and ground-water resources of San Juan County , Utah : Utah Geological Survey Special Study 86, 39 p.

Circulars

Gwynn, J.W., 1995, Resistivities and chemical analyses of selected oil and gas field, water well, and spring waters, Utah : Utah Geological Survey Circular 87, 142 p.

Bon, R.L., Gloyn, R.W., and Tabet, D.E., 1996, Utah mineral activity summary for 1995: Utah Geological Survey Circular 91, 15 p.

Allison, M.L., compiler, 1997, A preliminary assessment of energy and mineral resources within the Grand Staircase - Escalante National Monument : Utah Geological Survey Circular 93, 36 p.

Bon, R.L., Gloyn, R.W., and Tabet, D.E., 1997, 1996 summary of mineral activity in Utah : Utah Geological Survey Circular 98, 12 p.

Reports of Investigation

Gwynn, J.W., Clem, K.M., Shubat, M.A., Tripp, B.T., and Sturm, P.A., 1985, Mineral occurrences in the Emergency Withdrawal Area and adjacent lands in the Great Salt Lake Desert (Tooele Co.): Utah Geological and Mineral Survey Report of Investigation 200, 41 p.

Shubat, M.A., 1988, Scandium-bearing aluminum phosphate deposits of Utah : Utah Geological Survey Report of Investigation 209, 26 p.

Gwynn, J.W., 1986, An approximation of the physical and chemical characteristics of Farmington Bay and Bear River Bay, Great Salt Lake, Utah: Utah Geological and Mineral Survey Report of Investigation 211, 22 p.

Blackett, R.E., Brandt, C.J., Chidsey, T.C., Jr., and Bishop, C.E., 1992, Mineral and energy resources in Kane County , Utah and their occurrence with respect to Wilderness Study Areas: Utah Geological Survey Report of Investigation 221, 42 p.

Maps

F.D. Davis, compiler, 1985, Mineral resources of the central Wasatch Front (Petroleum potential by J.A. Campbell): Utah Geological and Mineral Survey Map 54D, 2pl., 1:100,000, 24 p.

F.D. Davis, compiler, 1988, Mineral resources of the southern Wasatch Front, Utah, with a section on petroleum by F.C. Moulton and R.L. Kerns, Jr.: Utah Geological and Mineral Survey Map 55D, 17 p., 2 pl., 1:100,000,

Currey, D.R., Atwood, G., and Mabey, D., 1984, Major levels of Great Salt Lake and Lake Bonneville : Utah Geological and Mineral Survey Map 73, 1 pl., 1:750,000.

Miscellaneous Publications

Wilson, J.R., 1995, A collector's guide to rock, mineral & fossil localities of Utah : Utah Geological Survey Miscellaneous Publication 95-4, 148 p.

Marty, J., Howard, D.G., and Barwood, H., 1999, Minerals of the Utahlite Claim, Lucin, Box Elder County , Utah : Utah Geological Survey Miscellaneous Publication 99-6, 13 p., ISBN 1-55791-639-X.

Public Information Series

Eldredge, S.N., and Wilkerson, C.M., 1990, Geologic resources of Salt Lake County , Utah : Utah Geological Survey Public Information Series 5, 32 p.

Eldredge, S.N., 1992, Geologic resources of San Juan County , Utah : Utah Geological Survey Public Information Series 14, 30 p.

Bugden, M., 1993, Geologic resources of Washington County , Utah : Utah Geological Survey Public Information Series 20, 26 p.

Gwynn, J.W., 1996, Commonly asked questions about Utah 's Great Salt Lake and ancient Lake Bonneville : Utah Geological Survey Public Information Series 39, 22 p.

Gwynn, J.W., 1997, Brine properties, mineral extraction industries, and salt load of Great Salt Lake, Utah : Utah Geological Survey Public Information Series 51, 2 p.

Open-File Reports

Perry, L.I., and McCarthy, B.M., 1976, Lead and zinc in Utah : Utah Geological and Mineral Survey Open File Report 22, 525 p.

Sturm, P.A., 1986, Great Salt Lake brine sampling program 1966 to 1985, history, database, and averaged data: Utah Geological and Mineral Survey Open File Report 87DF, 183 p., 1 diskette.

Tripp, B.T., Shubat, M.A., Bishop, C.E., and Blackett, R.E., 1989, Mineral occurrences of the Tooele 1 o x 2 o quadrangle, west-central Utah: Utah Geological and Mineral Survey Open File Report 153, 85 p., 3 pl., 1:48,000.

Tripp, B.T., Shubat, M.A., Blackett, R.E., and, Bishop, C.E., 1990,Utah Mineral Occurrence System Data-base for the Tooele 1 o x 2 o quadrangle, west-central Utah : Utah Geological Survey Open File Report 153DF, 1 diskette, 1.2 Mbyte.

UGS staff, 1990, Utah Mineral Occurrence System Database for the Delta 1 o x 2 o quadrangle, west-central Utah : Utah Geological Survey Open File Report 183DF, 1 disk, 1.2 M format.

UGS staff, 1990, Utah Mineral Occurrence System Database for the Richfield 1 o x 2 o quadrangle, west-central Utah : Utah Geological Survey Open File Report 184DF, 1 disk, 1.2M format.

UGS staff, 1990, Utah Mineral Occurrence Database for the Cedar City 1 o x 2 o quadrangle, southwest Utah : Utah Geological Survey Open File Report 184DF, 1 disk, 1.2M format.

Shubat, M.A., Tripp, B.T., Bishop, C.E., and Blackett, R.E., 1991, Mines and prospects containing gold in Utah : Utah Geological Survey Open File Report 207, 28 p., 2 pl., 1:750,000.

Bon, R.L., and Wakefield , S., 2002, Large mine permits in Utah 2002: Utah Geological Survey Open File Report 398, 3 p., 1 pl., 1" = 14 miles

Bon, R.L., and Wakefield , S., 2002, Small mine permits in Utah 2002: Utah Geological Survey Open File Report 405, 7 p., 1 pl., 1:750,000.

Olsen, C.M., and Case, W.F., 2003, Utah Core Research Center catalog of samples: Utah Geological Survey Open File Report 413, CD-ROM.

Contract Reports

Christiansen, E.H., Rogers , J.P., and Wu, L.M., 1991, Crystallization conditions for a Be- and Y-rich granite - the Sheeprock granite of west-central Utah : Utah Geological Survey Contract Report 91-6, 106 p.

James, L.P., 1991, Nonferrous metals mining plants in Utah : Utah Geological Survey Contract Report 91-7, 50 p.

Nash, W.P., 1991, Abundance of yttrium in Late Cenozoic igneous rocks of western Utah and adjoining areas: Utah Geological Survey Contract Report 91-9, 82 p.

Utah Geological Association Publications

Shawe, D.R., editor, 1978, Guidebook to the mineral deposits of south-western Utah : Utah Geological Association Guidebook 7, 75 p.

Picard, M.D., editor, 1985, Geology and energy resources, Uinta Basin of Utah: Utah Geological Association Guidebook 12, 338 p.

Griffen, D.T., and Phillips, W. R., editors, 1986, Thrusting and extensional structures and mineralization in the Beaver Dam Mountains, southwestern Utah: Utah Geological Association Guidebook 15, 217 p., 3 pl.

Kopp, R.S., and Cohenour, R.E., editors, 1987, Cenozoic geology or western Utah , sites for precious metal and hydrocarbon accumulations: Utah Geological Association Guidebook 16, 684 p., 9 pl.

Cordy, G.E., editor, 1989, Geology and hydrology of hazardous-waste, mining-waste, waste-water and repository sites in Utah : Utah Geological Association Guidebook 17, 233 p.

Allison, M.L., editor, 1991, Energy and mineral resources of Utah : Utah Geological Association Guidebook 18, 222 p.

Fouch, T.D., Nuccio, V.F., and Chidsey, T.C., Jr., editors, 1992, Hydrocarbon and mineral resources of the Uinta Basin, Utah and Colorado : Utah Geological Association Guidebook 20, 366 p.

Huffman, A.C., Jr., Lund , W.R., and Godwin, L.H., editors, 1996, Geology and resources of the Paradox Basin : Utah Geological Association Guidebook 25, 460 p.

Utah Geological Society Publications

Cook, D.R., editor, 1961, Guidebook to the geology of Utah – geology of the Bingham Mining District and northern Oquirrh Mountains: Utah Geological Society Guidebook 16, 145 p., 6 pl.

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